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PRICE 50 CENTS. 



1895. 

Treatise ON Grasses. 

PRODUCTS OF THE FARM. 
STATISTICS, 

Etc., Etc. 



Commercial Printing House, 
■ Baltimore, Md. 



A SHORT TREATISE 



-ON- 



Grasses and General Products 



-OF THE- 



FARM 



With Other Valuable Information 



^ -BY- 



J. HENRY GIESE 



BALTIMORE, M^„,„„„,- 



1895. 




COPYRIGHT, 1895, 

J. Henry Giese 



^'^'^ 



INTRODUCTION. 



"Sowing weeds is but wasteful toil 
They grow like sin in any soil." 



!t is not designed by t/]e autlior of tiiis Treatise, to detract 
from, or elaborate Scientific tijeories, but to express in a practical 
ijuay sorqe plain and ivell authenticated facts, in reference to Grasses 
and other Seeds of their value and best methods or cultiuatioq, 
together with kindred subjects pertairjing to the farm, compiled with 
great care, attested by experience arjd gathered fromj the best 
njodern authorities, trusting that his efforts n^ay not have beer] in 
uain, iq the erjdeauor to eirjbrace with] in the compass of this little 
"Uarjd Book," Ualuable information for .the Farmer, /fmorjg the 
Gonteqts will be found under appropriate headings, tl]e followirjg — 

PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. 

ADAPTATION OF DIFFERENT SOILS. 

GREEN MANURES AND FERTILIZERS, 

THE GREAT VALUE OF GYPSUM (PLASTER.) 

Raising Stock, Poultry, etc., etc. Tables of weigljts and meas- 
ures. Standard Weights of Seeds. Quantity to be sown to the 
acre. Statistics of Crops throughout the world, and a variety of 
other Subjects. Also /fduertisemerjts of leading business houses in 

Baltimjore- 

J. HENRY QIESE. 

Baltin]ore, Md., 1895. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, Etc. 



GRASSES. 

It is estimated that there are over 3500 varieties of Grasses — in- 
cluded in these are the Edible Cereals, Wheat, Corn, Rye, Oats, 
etc., altogether forming one twentieth of the vegetable kingdom 
covering a wide sphere from the Tropics to the regions of per- 
petual snow. It should never be forgotten that it is just as 
important to make a careful selection of farm or garden seeds 
for one's own planting or sowing as if the seeds were grown 
for sale. The Edible Cereals and grasses cultivated for Hay and 
Pasturage aggregate the most extensive crops of the world. 

COMMON GRASSES ON FARMS. 

The judicious cultivation of Grasses for forage, though the 
least expensive, form a most profitable part of farming, has been 
nuich neglected, and many still follow the same methods of buying 
and sowing practiced by their fathers. In order to be successful 
the farmer should consider the importance of securing good 
SEED and to cultivate such grasses as are suitable for the soils 
found on his farm so that every foot of his land, from the dr3^est 
hillside to the lowest swamp may bring him in an income. 

The varieties mostly cultivated are the following, Clover, 
Timothy, Orchard, Millet, Blue Grass, Red Top and Hungarian. 

Study your soil, then pick out what grasses will suit those 
soils. Plow, cultivate, harrow and roll until the soil is suffi- 
ciently mellow : make it rich enough and sow in season, and 
there will be verj- little trouble in raising a paying crop. Hay 
always has a market value and always saleable, whilst on the 
farm it is indispensable, being an essential part of the farmers' 
profits and for his stock. One of the great mistakes so often 
made by farmers is that of following the old line of false economy 
by being too sparing of the seed, hence he ought not to blame 
it on the weather if the result is a short crop, -'He that soweth 
V)ountifully shall also reap bountifully." Tables giving the more 
modern estimates as to the quantity required to sow an acre will 
be found in another part of this little work. 



6 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

Splendid Plan of a Covered Barnyard. 

" An elaborate style of covered yard, suggested by the Amer- 
ican Agriculturist, New York City, is shown in fig. 6, which is 
worth considering when the construction of a barn is contem- 
plated. 







This provides not only for the required protection both of ani- 
mals and manure, but affords also an excellent grain chamber where 
grain can be stored for convenient use. Under the side roofs is 
also afforded a chance for the storing of small tools and a great 
variety of articles that are continually in the way when stored 
about the farm buildings. It also provides splendid protection 
to animals when housed at night during the summer, this roof 
protecting them from heavy showers in the night and an excellent 
opportunity for exercise in the winter, as all the sides, except 
that toward the south can be protected against cold winds by 
being temporarily boarded up." 

Too much importance cannot be attached to the necessity 
and advantages of systematic Ventilation of Barns where Stock 
is housed, and proper drainage about the barn and barnyard. 



SILOS. ENSILAGE & SILAGE. 

Providing for Stock through the Winter Months is a need 
perfectly well understood. The Silo is a necessity on every 
Dairy or Stock Farm. An excellent and practical illustrated 
work by Manly Miles. M. D., on 

How to build a Silo, Ensilage, «S:c. 

Price oO Cts. 
Can be obtained by addressing 

J. HENRY GIESE, 

Baltimore, Md. 



TREATISE OM GRASSES, &C. 7 

AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Area, including Alaska (531,409), 3.557,000 square miles. 
Greatest length from east to west. 2 700 miles. 
Greatest width from north to south, 1,600 miles. 
Largest State, (Texas) 265,780 square miles. 
Smallest State, (Rhode Island) 1,250 square miles. 
Total assessed valuation of property, (Census 1890) $24,249,- 
585,804. 

Total wealth, about . $65,000,000,000 

Total population ... . 6^1622.250 

Male " 32,067,880 

Native born 53.372,703 

White population . . 54,983,890 

Colored '• .... 7,638,360 

Males, 21 years and over . . . 16,940,311 

The ten largest cities, (Census 1890) are as follows : New 
York, 1515,301; Chicago, 1,099,850; Philadelphia, 1,046.964; 
Brooklyn, 806.343; St. Louis, 451,770; Boston 448,477, Balti- 
more, 434,439; San Francisco, 298,997; Cincinnati, 296,908; 
Cleveland, 261,353. 

According to the Census of 1890, the 16 Southern States have 
15-549 35S whites, and 6,898,806 negroes. From 1880 to 1890 the 
whites increased at the rate of 23.6 per cent., while the colored 
people increased only at the rate of 13. i per cent. 



AREA & VALUE OF THE WHEAT CROP FOR 4 YEARS. 

Total area, bushels and value of crop in the United States for 
the year 1893. 

ACRES BUSHELS VALUE 

34.629,418 396,131,725 $213,171,381 

AVERAGE YIELD AVERAGE VALUE AVERAGE VALUE 

PER ACRE PER BUSHEL PER ACRE 

I 1.4 Bu. 53 8c $6.2 

Average for four 3'ears — 1S90 — 1893. 

ACRES BUSHELS VALUE 

37,296.975 480,780,681 $345,882,413 

AVERAGE YIELD AVERAGE VALUE AVERAGE VALUE 

PER ^CRE PER BUSHEL PER ACRE 

1 2.9 Bu. 71.9 $9.3 



8 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

CROP REPORT 1894, 

Compiled by the Statistician of the U. 5. Agricultural Depart- 
ment, and are presented as follows : 

The corn crop of 1894 in rate of yield is one of the lowest on 
record in the U. S. In the past thirteen years the yield per acre 
of but one year, namely 1881, was lower, the yield for that year 
having been 18.6, against 19.4 for the year 1894. Severe drought 
and high winds in a few of the principal corn producing States re- 
duced the acres harvested for its grain value to 62,582,000 from the 
76,000,000 ac^es planted. 

The product garnered is [,212,770,000 bushels, having an esti- 
mated farm value of ^554,719,000 

The wheat is above an average one in yield per acre. The 
entire product for the country is 460,267,416 bushels, which is 
below the average for the five years 1890 to 1894 inclusive. 

The farm value of the crop is ^225,902,025. 

The area according to revised estimates is 34,882,436 acres. 
In the revision of acreage the principal changes have been made 
in the spring wheat States. 

The rate of yield is 13.2 bushels per acre. The average value 
per bushel 49. 1 cents. 

The estimates for oats are ; Area. 27,023,553 acres; product, 
662,086,928 ; value $214,816,920 ; yield per acre, 24.5 bushels. 

Rye, area, 1,944,780 acres; product, 26,727,615 bushels; 
value, $13, 394, 476. 

Barley, area, 3,170,602 acres; product, 61,400.465 bushels; 
value J2 7, 134, 1 2 7. 

Buckwheat, 789,232 acres; product, 12,668,200 bushels; value 

^7)043, 238. 

Potatoes, area, 2,737,973 acres; product, 170,887,338 bushels; 
value,. $91,526,787. 

Hay, area, 48.321,272 acres; product, 54,874,408 tons; value 
^468,578.321. 

Tobacco, area, 523,103 acres; product, 406,678,385 pounds; 
value, $27,760,739. 

OCCUPATION OF WOMEN. 

In this country, 2,500 women are practicing medicine, 275 
preaching the gospel, more than 6,000 managing postoffices, and 
over 3,000,000 earning independent incomes. Since 1880, the 
patent ofl&ce has granted over 2,500 patents to women, and in New 
York City it is said 27,000 women support their husbands. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 



WHEAT CROP OF THE WORLD, 1894. 

IN ROUND NUMBERS. 

BUSHELS. 

United States 460,000,000 

Canada 48,000,000 

Mexico 11,000,000 

South America 80.000,000 

Europe 1,420,000,000 

Asia 325,000,000 

Africa 38,000,000 

Australia 38,000,000 

Grand Total 

1894. 



.2,420,000,000 



TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE YIELD OF CROPS 
PER ACRE IN VARIOUS STATES. 



Bus. 



Bus. 



Bus. 



Bus. 



Bus. 



Maine 

Vermont 

Rhode Island 
New Jersey. . 
Delaware . . . 
Pennsylvania 
Maryland. ... 
Virginia . . . 

Ohio 

Illinois .... 

Montana 

Wisconsin . . 



Wheat. 


Barley. 


Rye. 


Corn. 


21 


26 


— 


39 


22 


27 


19 


40 


— 


30 


16 


— 


15 


— 


14 


33 


13 


— 


II 


22 


15 


16 


13 


32 


15 


— 


13 


22 


9 


— 


8 


19 


19 


28 


18 


26 


18 


23 


18 


— 


24 


— 


— 


32 


16 


28 


16 


— 



Oats. 



33 
32 
30 

28 

19 
22 

21 
12 
30 
36 
40 



FERTILIZING VALUE OF FEEDING STUFFS. 

Gluten Meal $15.53 per ton. 

Cotton Seed Meal .... 26.16 " 

Flaxseed Meal .... 19-36 " " 

Meat Scrap ..... 3569 '' 

Wheat Bran . . . . 12 30 " '" 

Clover Hay 8.00 " " 

Layers of Gypsum (Plaster) spread upon manure heaps will 
prove a great service of value in retaining the fertilizing properties. 



10 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

DEEP CULTURE THE BASIS OF inPROVEMENT 
IN AGRICULTURE. 

The fact is patent to the most superficial observation that the 
total sum of the vast production of our agriculture, is the yield of 
an average depth of cultivation of the soil not exceeding six 
inches, comparatively a mere film of the earth's surface. 

All the inorganic matter needed by plants and all other ele- 
ments of their nutrition and full development that come from the 
earth, must be supplied within this limit, while all the soil below 
this depth is unemployed and inert. The roots of the grains and 
grasses do not ordinarily extend much below the depth cultivated; 
and the average of this in our countr}^ is insufficient either for the 
protection against drought, for adequate returns for the labor of 
cultivation. We may not be able to calculate the precise amount 
of increase in production due to an additional inch in depth of 
cultivation, but, experiments have shown that in many soils it 
bears relatively, a near proportion to the increase in depth of cul- 
ture, so that, where the soil is now worked to six inches, an inch 
greater depth of cultivation would give nearly one-sixth more pro- 
duction ; that twelve inches might be thoroughly pulverized instead 
of six, may appear difficult to realize, but it is far less so than many 
results of invention successfully accomplished. 

An erroneous impression exists relative to the depth to which 
the roots of the cereals and clovers, as well as many other plants, 
will descend in an areated and healthy soil. In ravines that have 
been filled with surface soil, or wherever the mould is of suitable 
texture and condition, carrots and parsnips are often found of a 
length of three feet or more ; clover roots from three to six feet, 
and instances have been given of as great length of the roots of 
wheat and oats. In very compact soils, wheat roots so near the 
surface as to be thrown out by the mechanical displacement of 
freezing and thawing, if not utterly destroyed, they struggle 
fruitlessly to pierce the unbroken subsoils, worthless for seed 
and of little value for bread. The drill planting the 
seed firmly in the earth instead of scattering it on the 
surface, already saves half the winter killing in the fields 
where it is used ; and deep culture with proper drainage, would 
procure exemption from most of the remaining liabilities, and, 
ordinarily from all danger of loss from drought. The advantage of 
additional depth of pulverization, therefore, would often be far 
greater than the proportionate increase of depth, and the profit of 
the improvement would be increased in corresponding ratio. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 11 

CUTTING CROPS TOO EARLY. 

It is well worthy of the farmers attention, that harvesting be- 
fore the plant is fully ripened and fully matured, excepting for 
green feeding is not according to nature and liable to damage the 
value of seed, grain, hay and straw. This remark is especially 
applicable to Tobacco, the market value of which, depends so 
largely upon the quality of the leaf. 

THE VALUE OF DEEP ROOTING PLANTS. 

Mr. R. H. Elliot, of Clifton Park, Kelso, Scotland, writes to 
the Scotsman : 

I am now convinced, and have practically proved from exper- 
iments here, that the main cause of grasses declining in the third 
year is really owing to the physical deterioration of the soil rather 
than to deficiency of manurial matter, and that if the soil if con- 
tinuously cultivated and areated through the agency of deep root- 
ing plants, no decline will take place. This view as to the rela- 
tive importance of the physical condition is confirmed by Sir John 
Lawes, who, after an immense course of experiments as regards 
grasses, tells us that his experience tended to show that "it is the 
physical nature of the soil, its capacity for holding water, and its 
permeability to roots, that are in most cases, of greater importance 
than its more strictly speaking chemical composition." (Vide p. 
1222, Part II., of "Agricultural, Botanical, and Chemical Results 
of Experiments," by Sir John Lawes ) 



Something for Every Farmer. 

AN ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE CONTAINING OVER 
500 STANDARD WORKS. 

An extensive and complete list of valuable works and 
cost of — embracing every branch of farming industries, Horti- 
culture, Stock-raising, Sheep, Horses, Hogs. Poultry, Bees, 
Architectural designs for Country Homes, Barns, Sportsmen, 
Game, etc., etc. 

Price of Catalogue, 25 Cts., Postage Paid. 

Address 

J. HENRY GIESE, 

p. O. Box, 693. BALTLMORE, MD. 



12 TREATISE OX GRASSES, &C. 

TRIFOLIUn. 

RED CLOVER. 

Of all the different varieties, Red Clover (the old stand bj') 
takes the lead. Hardly an}^ good farmer can afford not to have 
several good clover fields. Even the little Bees know that there 
is ''much honey" in the clover blossom from wliicli they can 
gather a rich harvest to fill their Barns. It may not be saying too 
much that it is the most valuable crop on the farm. It makes the 
most nutritious Hay, excellent pasturage, and most nutritious food 
for stock. Clover Hay will always command a fair price on the 
market, it ma}' be cut for Hay or pastured. The second crop is cut 
for seed. As a fertilizer and for restoring worn out land, it is very 
valuable, considering the cost of raising, and the money value, 
compared with the edible cereals, it is a dependable crop. 
The yield can be largely increased by the liberal application 
of Plaster. The great value of Plaster is fully set forth in 
another part of this work, Stack your seed clover in the 
field and thrash it there Take cold weather to thrash it out. It 
thrashes better out of the hull. Only clean heavy seed will com- 
mand a good price. 

Quantity sown to the acre 15 to 20 lbs. Usual time for sowing 
is early in the spring or in the fall. 

LUCERNE OR ALFALFA CLOVER 

Alfalfa is another valuable variety, but being more difficult to 
get a good stand than any other variety is not ex ensively culti- 
vated. It is clain ed that as a fertilizer it has no equal The roots 
go down ver}^ deep 8 to 10 feet and on this account highly valu- 
able. Alfalfa requires a deeply worked dry mellow loamy soil, 
does well and will succeed well on dry loam land. Yields a heavy 
crop of hay the second year after seeding. A wet soil is not at 
all suitable. Alfalfa honey is saleable in large quantities. Sow 
15 to 20 lbs to the acre. 

SAPLING OR MAMMOTH CLOVER. 

As is generally known this variety attains the height of four 
to six feet, will stand more hardships than most other varieties 
and grows on land where the Red clover fails, it matures later and 
is valuable in mixtures for mixed hay. The seed is taken from the 
first cutting. Time for sowing is either in the spring or fall. In 
common with other clovers it is highly esteemed as an excellent 
fertilizer plowed under for exhausted land. Quantity required for 
sowing an acre 15 to 20 lbs. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 13 



CRinSON CLOVER. 



This variety of Clover is comparatively new in the United 
States. It is an annual. It will grow in any soil where Red 
Clover succeeds and flourishes even in poor soil. In sandy and 
light soils, by the application of Plaster, the yield may be 
increased 25 to 50 per cent. Can be sown from June to October, 
but in general, if sown at the last working of corn, it succeeds best 
and can be pastured in the fall and again in the early spring, with- 
out material detriment to the crop. It ripens toward the end of 
April or early in May; produces 2 to 3 tons of hay to the acre and 
can be cut several weeks earlier than Red Clover. It has become 
quite popular and gained much confidence with all who have tried 
it. Valuable as a Fertilizer or for Pasturage, Hay and Seed. By 
actual experiment it is proven, that the value of one acre's crop as 
a fertilizer, is equal to thirty dollars worth of stable manure. It 
can be sown with Buckwheat thus making two crops. In some 
latitudes, there is no reason why a double crop in like manner may 
not be obtained by sowing with it oats, wheat, etc. Crimson 
clover sown with Rye, fifteen pounds to the acre. The rye cut 
green will make a long crop of hay on good land, by August. It 
makes most nutritious hay, sow 15 to 20 pounds to the acre. A 
full description with testimonials can be obtained by addressing 
the author of this work P. O. Box 693, Baltimore Md. 

ALSIKE OR SWEDISH CLOVER. 

Alsike is the most hearty of all clovers, stands severe cold 
and does wonderfully well in very dry or wet weather. The yield 
is large, the growth rapid, and it may be cut several times during 
the season. It makes a solid thick bottom with a large yield of 
hay. Stock eat it with considerable preference, and is regarded by 
many farmers as more profitable than the Red Clover. The 
seed matures with the first crop, whilst it does not perhaps make 
as much hay per acre, the finer quality makes up for the difference. 
Stands drougth admirably and will crowd out a great many noxious 
weeds, it makes a good change of crop. This variety of clover 
has fibrous spreading roots and should be sown on well drained 
land. It will not grow at all on a stiff wet clay soil. 

Alsike produces more sweetness for the Bees than other 
descriptions, in this respect excelling white clover for which so 
much is claimed. It is growing in favor very rapidly as being a 
very valuable crop for the farmer. Sow 8 to lo lbs. to the acre. 



14 TREA.TISS ON GRASSES, &.C. 

WHITE CLOVER, 

White or Dutch Clover is the roost delicate of all the "Trifo- 
lium" family. Sown with Blue Grass, it is most desirable for per- 
manent pastures and especially for lawns. 

TinOTHY. 

Timothy, as every farmer knows, makes the best Hay, most 
relished by Stock and always commands a higher price than any 
other description, generally $2 and more per ton, than clover or 
mixed Hay Timothy seeded on Timothy sod will not prove a 
success. Cutting too close is not wise. The common practice of 
cutting so close when mowing, renders more than two crops un- 
profitable. By avoiding cutting too close to the ground, with the 
addition of fertilizers each year, three or four good crops may be 
secured. The high price of Timothy seed for the past few years 
affords promise of good returns, estimated by experienced farm- 
ers — including the Seed and Hay — ^16 to S18 per acre. The soil 
best adapted for Timothy is a loamy moist soil. Some claim that 
this crop is more exhaustive to the soil than other grasses. Pos- 
sibly this is due to the fact that the roots do not descend so deep, 
but this objection might be greatly overcome by deeper plowing. 
Sow half a bushel or more to the acre. 

RED TOP. 

Red Top is useful for moist soils where the land is liable to 
inundation. It will do well in cold latitudes Resists drought, 
produces a large yield. May be used to advantage in mixtures 
for pasturage, and to a limited extent may be used in Lawn grass. 
It is grown extensively in the New England States for Hay and 
considered valuable. The cost of seed is not dear, and in this 
respect has some attraction. Sow to the acre 2 to 3 Bushels. 

BLUE GRASS. 

Blue Grass is the pride of the Kentucky farmer. The fertile 
soil, producing vast fields counted by miles of rich pasturage, for 
great herds of cattle and feeding millions of sheep. It can be cul- 
tivated in any part of the United States. It makes the most dur- 
able pasturage, and mixed with White Clover it makes a fine mix- 
ture for lawns. In dry soil, with some shade, it flourishes to the 
greatest advantage. Sow to the acre for lawns, four bushels. 
For pasture, with Alsike, White Clover and Red Top i^ bushels 
to acre, or if sown alone, 3 bushels. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 15 

ORCHARD GRASS. 

Orchard Grass is held in high esteem as a green crop and is 
cultivated in some sections of the country very extensively. It is 
much relished by stock, and whilst it comes early in the spring 
it also lasts until late in the fall. Thick stalk and rather a rough 
growth, is not suitable for either pasturage or lawns, but may be 
sown with sapling Clover for Hay. Sheep thrive well on Orchard 
Grass and it may be grown to advantage in orchards, etc. Sow 2 
to 3 bushels to the acre. It is best sown in the fall than with oats 
in the spring. 

GERHAN MILLET. 

German or Golden Millet is a favorite forage plant, will do 
well in almost any part of the United States, is quite a beautiful 
growth. Stock eat it readily. Cut green when full grown or 
when fully ripe cut for hay. Sow i^ to 1% bushels to the acre. 
Millet is a good catch crop, if a hard winter has preceded and fall 
crops injured, or too late for planting corn. 

HUNGARIAN 

Hungarian is another valuable plant for forage or soiling not 
as rank growth as Millet. Sown end of June will produce an 
excellent green crop. Sow i to i^ bushels to the acre. 

BUCKWHEAT. 

Buckwheat is a fairly profitable crop does not require a very 
rich soil. Owing to its gathering moisture rapidly, it ought to 
be thrashed as soon as it is dry. Sow end of June one bushel to 
the acre. 

POTATOES. 

With the advance made in Agriculture, this commodity is 
worthy of some mention as being an important factor in the culinary 
department, and menu of Prince and Peasant — Deep culture enters 
into the calculation very largely, 9 to 12 inches to obtain a big 
crop, as the roots descend 20 to 25 inches below the tubers. In 
the state of '"Maine," famous for good potatoes, 600 to 8co bushels 
per acre is quite common. 



Grass Seeds, Grain, Etc. 



Red Clover, Alsike, Alfalfa, Crimson, White, 
Timothy, Orchard, Hillet, Red Top, Hungarian. 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ 

J. Henry Qiese, 

p. O. BOX, 693. 

109 N. Howard Street, Baltimore. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ »♦♦»♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

B. E. Peas, Cow Peas, Beans, Buckwheat, Seed 
Wheat, Rye, Corn, Oats, Sun Flower, 
Barley, Flax Seed. 



Nova Scotia Land Plaster, 

In the Lump, and also Fine Ground 
in 200 lb. sacks. 



J. HENRY GIESE, 
Author of 
Treatise on Grasses, Etc 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 



17 



BARLEY. 

Extracts from the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. 

BARLEY AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT. 
As many farmers are casting about for something to take the 
place of wheat because of the extremel}- low price which that 
cereal now commands, (there being little or nothing left after pa}-- 
ing all charges attending its raising,) it was deemed advisable 
to make an experiment with barle}' comparing it with wheat as 
to the profits of each. One advantage which the substitution 
of barley for wheat would have, is the fact that it would neces- 
sitate no change in the rotation of crops, as the barley would for 
all practical purposes on the farm take the place of wheat, and 
is seeded at the same season of the year. Those who have 
tried it recommend it as an excellent feed for cattle, horses and 
sheep ; and the straw while not making as heavy a growth as 
wheat, is said to be eaten with relish by cattle. 

TABLE X. 

SHOWING COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF WHEAT AND BARLEY. 



3 one-half acre plots of Wheat averaged 

3 one-half acre plots of Winter Barley averaged 

I one-half acre plot of Spring Barley averaged from 2 and 6 
rowed varieties 



BUSHELS 
PER ACRE. 



36.7 
50.5 

27.7 



TABLE XL 

COMPARATIVE PROFITS OF WHEAT AND BARLEY. 



ACRES OF GRAIN. 


YIELD 
PER 
ACRE. 


VALUE 

PER 

BUSHEL. 


GROSS 
RECEIPTS. 


COST OF 
RAISING. 


NET 
RETURNS. 


I Acre of Barley 

I Acre Wheat 


505 

36.7 


1-55 
•55 


I27.78 
20.19 


$15-15 
14.68 


$12.63 
5-51 



This is a matter well worth the consideration of farmers, who 
frequently fail, as has been previously stated, in securing a good 
set of grass, which lies at the foundation of a successful hus- 
bandry ; and every opportunity should be taken advantage of, 
which has for its object the accomplishment of this the most im- 
portant feature in the rotation of crops. 



18 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

WHEAT. 

Of late years there appears to have been less attention paid 
to the selection of Wheat for seed, and as a consequence it maybe 
said the average quality is scarcely up to the standard of former 
years — whilst the price has declined to a point unprecedented, 
bordering on 50 cts. per bushel, with family flour to ^3.00 per 
barrel. It is within the recollection of some that may read this 
article, when wheat brought $3.00 per bushel and family flour $12 
per barrel. Several causes may occur, which whilst wheat may 
never again reach ^3.00, the normal price and basis, of value run- 
ning through periods of 30 to 50 years, $1.00 to $1.25 may be re- 
stored. Diminished production, drought, or famine may produce 
this result, without any necessity to discover other uses for wheat, 
than for bread. 

Considering the fact that the cost of raising wheat in the vast 
fields of virgin soil in the western part of this country, where 
steam machinery for farming takes the place of manual labor. If 
the low price of wheat continues to rule, Eastern farmers may 
find it more profitable to turn their attention to other crops, and to 
raising stock ; this is the more appreciable since the '"Argentine 
Republic" has become such a formidable competitor in European 
markets for the surplus wheat raised in the United States. 

THE LOW PRICE OF WHEAT. 

Many theories have been advanced in regard to the low price 
of wheat The price has never before been so low in this country. 
The lowest point reached in Chicago was about 52^ cts., whilst it 
was selling at about the same figure at the same time in New York 
and Baltimore, presenting an abnormal condition of things never 
before witnessed. With a corresponding abundant supply of mon- 
ey, and in the midst of such great plenty for so long a period, 
there has existed a feeling of distrust, discontent and unrest, not 
only in this country, but in many other countries accompanied 
with stagnation in trade in every direction. Any theories attribu- 
ting the low price at which wheat has been selling the past two 
years to Tariff, Silver Legislation, Reciprocity Treaties, or Politics, 
is simply a delusion, the peculiar position of wheat is obvious to 
every intelligent observer. The solution is in one word, overpro- 
duction. 

We have just to get back to first principles, and understand 
that the old established firm "Messrs. Supply and Demand," have 
now as through all the ages regulated the price of all commodi- 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 19 

ties. It is a question for the economist to determine, whether the 
low price of wheat will continue. 

The above mentioned distrust, doubtless tended to restrain 
trading, and in some measure to depress prices and cheapen all 
the necessaries of life. 

May it not be possible that a wise and merciful Providence so 
ordered abundant crops throughout the world for just such a time 
as this— who can tell? 

A notable and anomalous state of affairs was experienced in 
the Baltimore market during the month of August, 1S94, when for 
some two or three weeks, the price of Wheat, Rye, Corn and Oats, 
were all selling within the same limits — viz : between 50 and 60 
cts. per bushel. Prior to the great inventions and improvements 
in farming machinery, so materially reducing the cost of produc- 
tion, wheat was the great factor as a sort of basis of trade, 
when the normal price was $1.00 to Si. 2 5 per bushel, and in re- 
lative proportion Rye was 65 to 75 cts., Corn 35 to 45 cts , and 
Oats 25 to 30 cts. A great question now occupying a prominent 
place in the minds of many wise heads is : In what other ways 
can wheat be employed ? Experiments have been made in order 
to make this discovery. In France they have found feeding horses 
on bread very profitable and a simular result has been realized in 
in this country in feeding wheat to stock. Wheat Bran makes a 
valuable fertilizer. Further experiments may discover other uses 
yet to be developed. 

GRASSES FOR PASTURAGE. 

Red, White and Alsike Clover, Blue Grass, Timothy, Rye 
Grass, Red Top, Crested Dogs Tail, Creeping, Bent, Meadow 
Fescue, Sweet Vernal and Yellow Oat Grass, are all desirable for 
pasturage mixtures, rendering the product palatable and healthful 
for stock. It should be borne in mind that in order to have good 
pasture, you must sow plenty of seed. 



No. 



MIXTURES. 



No. 2 



Red Clover, 


Lbs. 


5 


Blue Grass, 


Lbs. 


16 


Alsike " 




3 


Red Top, 




4 


White " 


- 


5 


Timothy 


- 


4 


Blue Grass 




14 


Sweet Vernal, 




^Yz 


Sweet Vernal, - 


" 


I 


Red Clover, 


" 


6 


Red Top 




3 


White " - 




5 


Rye Grass, 


- 


2 


AJsike " 


- 


^% 


Timothy, 


" 


7 


Rye Grass, - 




2 



40 



41 



20 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

GREAT VALUE OF GYPSUM (PLASTER.) 

The chemist tells us that Gypsum has remarkable and 
some subtle properties as a manure as an absorbent and is also 
an excellent disinfectant. The low price at which it can be 
purchased places it within the reach of every farmer. The au- 
thor of this work has had a large experience in reference to 
plaster — both as to the different kinds of Gypsum — having been 
the largest importer in Baltimore of this article more than fifteen 
years prior to 18S9 and shipped large quantities in the rock and 
also ground ready for use, to many points in the. states of Pennsyl- 
vania Maryland and Virginia. By testimonials from all sections 
there was abundant evidence of its great value, from the highest 
authority and experience of successful farmers in this countr)'. 
During the past five years in consequence of the small margin for 
profit in grinding plaster, and the use of plaster for farming 
purposes h.2iS h&en very great/)' ne^^/ec/ed. The Nova Scotia Plaster 
is superior to any yet discovered. The analysis of Plaster from the 
best quarries as shown by eminent chemists gives the analysis — 
75 to 98 per cent. Sulphate of Lime. 

Prof Caldwell, of Cornell University, saj-s: "Plaster is Sul- 
phate of Lime or Sulphuric Acid united with a small quantity 
of water in contact with Carbonate of Ammonia. Under certain 
conditions both of the compounds are decomposed and Carbon- 
ate of Lime and Ammonia in Sulphate are produced which retains 
its Ammonia and allows no escape. Therefore, if we convert the 
Ammonia in the Sulphate as formed we may prevent the loss 
of a most valuable constituent of the manure of our barnyard 
and the decomposed matter in our soil. It is, in fact, upon the 
action of these two substances on each other that Plaster fixes 
Ammonia. There is no doubt that Plaster does serve this pur- 
pose when used freely upon our soil." 

It possesses some subtle properties, is regarded as useful as a 
manure and claimed by some as acting chiefly by itself in af- 
fording nutriment to the plant and being an absorbent it fixes 
the Ammonia of the atmosphere and is conveyed to the roots. 
Very large results have been realized by the application of 
Plaster to clover and pasture fields — it proves advantageous on 
all crops. A liberal quantity — say 400 pounds or more to the 
acre will prove very efiicacious. Results in clover alone has 
produced a yield of 25 to 50 per cent, more on the same land 
than where Plaster had not been used. Where commercial fer- 
tilizers are used it is of great value in supplementing and pro- 



TREATISE ON GLASSES, &C 21 

ducing more lasting benefit. It is of great value when used 
upon the compost heap, preventing the escape of the Ammo- 
nia, beneficial around the barnyard, and being a disinfectant, 
of great advantage if sprinkled in the stalls of stables. 

The cost of this fertilizer is within the reach of our most 
humble farmers, and a few dollars invested in it cannot fail to 
improve the crops and prove to the farmer or gardener a large 
reward for the investment. The genuine "Nova Scotia Plaster'' 
with full directions for applying it, may be obtained from J. 
Henry Giese, P. O. Box 693, Baltimore, Md. 

CORN. 

The Fanner says : 

"While many of the most successful farmers differ as to the 
proper time for plowing, planting and cultivation, we are inclined 
to think that the differences arise more from locality and the kind 
of soil than from any general facts. Plowing and planting should 
be done as early in the spring as the weather and condition of the 
soil will permit. The soil should be plowed to the greatest depth 
possible, and thoroughly pulverized. If barnyard manure is ap- 
plied, it should be hauled out and spread over the ground several 
months previous to plowing, and all fertilizers should be broad- 
cast and plowed under, so that none is lost from the soil. 

"After the planting if the surface bakes or becomes hard by 
reason of the high winds and hot sun that this locality is somewhat 
subject to in the month of May, a light harrow should be run over 
the surface about the time the young corn is breaking through 
the ground. This process not only permits the air to permeate 
the soil, but it destroys the germs of many weeds. 

"There is no absolute rule as to the number of times grow- 
ing corn should be worked, but four times is none too many. 
The intelligent farmer soon learns that more crops are impaired 
by too little work than there are by too much. No part of the 
work in the cornfield requires more care than the weeding out 
of surplus stalks. Great care should be taken that the stands 
of stalks should not exceed twenty inches in drilled corn, or more 
than two stalks to the hill in checkered planting, or thirty-two 
stalks to the square perch. 

"The rough, cold, rainy or snowy days of winter may be spent 
to advantage indoors. The seed corn is to be selected, if it was 
not done in the field when gathered, as it should have been. 
Choose long, thin ears with deep, long, narrow grains. Such corn 



22 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

will ripen early and will yield from fifty to sixty bushels of shelled 
grain to the acre, and if the corn is planted in drills, with stalks 
fifteen inches apart in the row, eighty or ninety bushels can be 
grown to the acre on deep, rich, well-worked clover soil. 

"The corn should not be shelled ofi" the cob, as it gathers 
moisture when shelled and kept in bulk. It should be shelled by 
hand a few weeks before planting " 

OATS. 

It is somewhat a remarkable fact that the Oats raised south 
of Pennsylvania are as a rule rather poor quality. There must 
be some cause for this, and it may be traced to two sources — 
indifferent quality of the seed sown, lack of cultivation, or both. 
The practice of sowing clover with Oats is not advantageous; 
if Oats are cut green, before July, clover may be sown and with 
favorable weather will give good results — very much depends 
upon the preparation of the ground. Oats require a thoroughly 
worked mellow soil. They should be sown before the middle of 
April, in fact as early as the condition of the ground and 
weather will admit. Secure good seed, sow not less than two 
bushels to the acre, and akvays sow with Hie drill. If soil is 
poor, apply loo to 200 pounds of some good fertilizer. Sown 
broadcast requires three bushels to the acre. 

CATTLE AND ROTATION OF CROPS. 

ON A SMALL DANISH FARM. 



Report of an Agent of the United States Agricultural 

Department. 

"The cows were fed as follows : At 6 a. m., a feed of straw, 
which they ate while the milking proceeded. Next, a feed of 
moistened chaff made from barley, oat or wheat straw, mixed with 
the grain feed. The grain feed consisted of two pounds of sun- 
flower cake and two pounds of bran. When this was eaten, they 
w^ere watered, and, after their water, they had a feed of hay. 

"In the afternoon, about 3 o'clock, each cow got a feed of 
fifty pounds of roots, mangels or carrots ; at 4 p. m., again moist- 
ened chaff and grain This time the grain consisted of one pound 
of rapeseed cake and three pounds of equal parts of barley and 
oats ground together. Then they were watered. Next followed 
a feed of hay and barley , about 6 p. m. a feed of straw. See that 
your stock has plenty of shade. 



TREATISE ONT GRASSES, &C. 23 

SYSTEM OF ROTATION. 

"Their system of rotation was as follows : First 5'ear, fallow, 
which was plowed several times and manured, and in the fall sown 
to wheat. They seeded very heavily, using seed wheat at the rate 
of two and a half bushels per acre. The yield of wheat, one year 
with another had for several years averaged fifty-five bushels to 
the acre Second year, wheat : third year, barley ; fourth year, 
mangels and potatoes, and a soiling crop consisting of oats and 
vetches sown together,, the three occupying nearh- equal areas ; 
fifth year, oats, which were sown at the rate of four bushels to the 
acre, and yielded, on an average, upwards of eighty bushels to the 
acre. The oats were sown with grass and clover. Sixth year, 
grass used for pasture and hay ; seventh year, grass used for pas- 
ture and hay, which ended the rotation, the pasture being broken 
in the fall of the seventh year and followed by fallow. 

STOCK RAISING. 

From the present outlook, it is quite apparent that the time 
has come when the farmers east of the, Alleghanies will have to 
consider the question of turning their attention to other industries 
than raising wheat ; to the cultivation of other crops or of raising 
stock, as being more dependable and remunerative sources of rev- 
enue. It has been urged that beef cattle cannot be advantageously 
raised in the Atlantic states ; this, however, remains to be demon- 
strated by a fair trial in this direction. The experience of many 
farmers in the eastern states has proven that raising sheep, es- 
pecially, pays a good profit— the same may be said to some extent 
in regard to swine. 

A more liberal policy on the part of our Government toward 
foreign countries, would undoubtedly open up good markets and 
afford greater opportunities than ever before, for the exportation 
of Cattle and also Pork. As to Sheep, it is reasonable to conclude 
that there will soon be a return to more prosperous times and this 
will be followed, by a large demand for wool and American 
fabrics. As a new departure, an important feature and chief con- 
sideration in regard to this subject, everything depends on the 
selection of the best breeds. A valuable work on "Stock breeding, 
etc," by Manly Miles, M. D., price ;?i.5o, postage paid, can be 
procured by addressing the author of this Treatise, P. O. Box 693, 
Baltimore. Md. 



24 TREATISE OM GRASSES. &C. 

CARE OF HORSES. 

Keep your harness soft and clean, particularly the inside of the 
collar aud saddle, as the perspiration, if allowed to dry in, will 
cause irritation and produce galls. 

The collar should fit closely, with sufficient space at the bot- 
tom to admit your hand ; a collar too small obstructs the breathing, 
while one too large will cramp and draw the shoulders into an un- 
natural position, thus obstructing the circulation. 

Never allow your horse to stand on hot, fermenting manure, 
as this will soften the hoofs and bring on diseases of the feet, nor 
permit the old litter to lie under the manger, as the gases will 
taint his food and irritate his lungs as well as his eyes. 

Do not keep the hay over the stable, as the gases from the 
manure and the breath of the animal will make it unwholesome. 

Kindness will do more than brutality ; therefore, do not use 
harsh language to your horse, or lash, beat, or kick him. Bear in 
mind that he is very intelligent and sensitive, a willing servant 
and deserving of your kindest treatment and thought. 

Remember that horses are made vicious by cruel treatment ; 
that it is speed which kills; that more horses are lame from bad 
shoeing than from all other causes ; that a careless application -of 
the whip has blinded many horses; that more fall from weariness 
than from any other cause, and that no animal should ever be 
struck upon the head. 

FEEDING CARROTS TO HORSES, 

Those who look careful after the health and comfort of their 
horses will not neglect to give them a few carrots occasionally 
during the cold weather. They are greatly reHshed by the equines, 
whose fondness for the roots can easily be understood when it is 
known that they come nearer to supplying the place of green grass 
than any other food obtainable at this season. Moreover, carrots 
are considered equal in nourishment, pound for pound, with oats. 
Only a few, cut up and mixed with other feed, will improve the 
appetite and assist digestion, thus helping materially to keep the 
animal in good condition. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 25 

POULTRY. 

There are no dull times for the poultry and egg business, for 
there is not a month in the year that a ready sale cannot be made 
for all that may be offered, and as eggs are always sold for cash,_ 
which lessons the liability of loss, it is a claim in favor of the poul- 
try industry which does not apply to all branches of business. We 
doubt if anything raised on the farm pays better than poultry, or 
offers a greater certainty of allowing a profit to be secured. — Farm 
and Fireside. 

RULES OF POULTRY KEEPING. 

Paste Them on the Hen-house Door for Reference. 

1 . Gather the droppings of the hen house every morning. 

2. Sprinkle air-slacked lime over the roost platforms and 
around the house after each cleaning. 

3. During the summer season pour kerosene over the roosts 
every week. 

4. Scald the drinking fountains once a week. 

5. Fumigate the interior of the houses ever)- month by burn- 
ing sulphur in them. 

6. Whitewash the inside of the buildings every spring and 
fall. 

7. Have a scratching pen to each hen house, and keep this 
filled with chaff and leaves, among which scatter the grain at noon 
and night. 

8 Keep the fowls exercising ; do not let them become 
over- fat. 

9. Keep heads of cabbage hanging in the hen house dur- 
ing the entire winter. 

10. Do not expose the stock to winds, snow or rain any 
more than necessary during the change of seasons. 

ir. Have the house warm and comfortable. 
12. Do not overcrowd. — ^[ass. Plou^^hman. 

METHOD IN FEEDING HENS. 



An Unlimited Supply Will Make Them Fat to No Pur- 
pose. 

It is a source of complaint that the large breeds eat more 
food than the smaller ones and do not give as good results in eggs. 
This depends, however, upon how they are fed. If the food is 
placed before them in unlimited supply, so they can eat their fill, 
there will be but one result — excessive fat. 



26 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

VENTILATOR IN THE POULTRY HOUSE. 

A new poultry house has for its ventilator a stove pipe going out 
at the peak of the roof, and coming to within three feet of the 
floor, where it rests on three iron rods. In this pipe is a damper 
by which the draught may be regulated. Under it is four square 
feet of brick pave, with a border of brick laid on the side. On this 
fire can be built. — Ledger. 

MENU FOR THE CHICKENS. 

BREAKFAST : 

Potatoes, apples, and other cooked vegetables, seasoned with 
Fait and pepper, thickened with cornmeal. 

DINNER : 

Wheat, oats and rye ; chopped onions. 

SUPPER : 

Cracked corn. 

Sunflower seed three times a week is one of the best produc- 
ing foods Give them clean, fresh water, and scatter leaves? 
straw, etc. in the barn-yard and chicken-yard where they are fed, 
so that the fowls will be obliged to "scratch" for their grub, 
and thus work for their living and be kept healthy by open air ex- 
ercise. There is money in this business. 

THE ROTATION OF CR0P5. 

One cause of weeds flourishing on some soils is that they 
thrive on plant foods left over by the grain crops, a condition 
which renders the soil impoverished for other grain crops, yet 
very fertile for weeds, because the weeds are able to get a good 
start, make rapid growth, secure abundant moisture below the sur- 
face, and deprive the land of that which was not utilized by the 
crops, the result being that the soil is still further impoverished. 
This may be prevented by growing root crops after corn, to be 
followed by clover or some grass crop. 

No two crops of the same kind should be grown on the land 
in succession, and a crop that is sowed or drilled should be followed 
by a planted crop the next year to keep the soil clean. Wheat, 
corn, oats, potatoes, corn and clover, followed by wheat again is a 
rotation practiced by many progressive farmers, but turnips, car- 
rots, beets, cabbage, millet and peas or beans are added to the list 
whenever it can be done with advantage. — Columbus Rural World. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 27 

Lime as a Fertilizer. 

Lime whilst highly beneficial to the Soil for most crops — it is 
not strictly a fertilizer, in the sense of aflfording food for plants; 
but possesses properties of great value, being a great factor in neu- 
tralizing acids and very essential on what is commonly called sour 
land. Limestone or Mineral lime often contains Magnesia and 
other impurities. Oyster Shell lime on the other hand, is free 
from all impurities, contains pure lime, with a small portion of 
phosphoric acid, which is valuable. Lime ought never to be 
plowed in, it is most useful near the surface. No harm to mix 
with manure, it exerts a chemical influence in the decomposition of 
organic vegetable matter, manure, etc. It is highly beneficial on 
clay or heavy soils. Oyster Shell lime is used extensively and 
can be obtained in Baltimore, at about one-third the cost of min- 
eral lime. Forty to one hundred bushels to the acre, is what is 
generally applied. 

WHERE ARE THE FARH TOOLS. 

Are the cultivators, harrows, rollers, plows and farm machin- 
ery under shelter, or are they scattered over the farm? Imple- 
ments exposed to alternate sun and rain will not last half as long 
as if taken care of. 

5UN=FL0WER. 

There are several varieties of SunFlower in N. A. ; it is cul- 
tivated all over the world. In Southern Europe it is raised for 
feeding Cattle and Poultry — the N. A. Indians make bread of 
the seed. It is valuable for medicinal purposes. Oil is made 
from the seed, the stalks can be manufactured into paper, which 
has been proven by experiments made in this direction. Of 
late years man)'- Planners have a patch of them for their Poultry, 
"Helanthus Annuus," the common Sun Flower grown in our 
gardens, is a native of Tropical America, where it attains the 
great height of 15 to 20 feet, the flowers measuring i to 2 feet 
in diameter. 

An amateur, who has given the subject considerable atten- 
tion, gives the following directions for cultivation : It is cul- 
tivated very much like corn, with this difference, that the rows 
should be wider apart, say 4^ to 5 feet — the stalks planted about 
5 feet apart, the ground to be well fertilized or ihey do not 
produce well, two shovels full of stable manure should be mixed 
with the earth before planting — as soon as it makes its appear- 



28 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C 

ance, thin out to one stalk, hoe, plow and work same as corn ; 
it grows more rapidly than corn. .The best variety is the "Rus- 
sian seed." The best quality seed can be obtained by addressing 
J. Henry Giese, P. O. Box 693, Baltimore, Md. 

ABOUT BEES. 

SjTup, prepared by using equal parts of granulated sugar and 
water, if fed in time for the bees to properly seal it, is as good 
winter food as most fall honey, and better than some. The water 
need not be hot, but at the temperature ordinarily drawn. To 
use, put it in a jar or can, cover with two or three thicknesses of 
cloth, and invert in a plate or dripping pan. The syrup will be 
taken up by the bees and stored in cells as fast as it comes through 
the cloth. Of course, the feeder must be set on the frames, above 
the cluster. . I sometimes in the early spring select old perfect 
combs, lay them flat on top of the frames and pour the syrup into 
them. 

Honey from alfalfa clover can now be purchased by the ton. 
How soon the same may be said of Alsike clover honey no one 
knows. But it is quite evident that the honey of the future 
will be gathered mainly from some one of the many species of 
clover, the king of honey-producing plants. 

It is impossible to raise a good crop of peaches without 
bees and plenty of them near at hand, where they can visit the 
peach trees during the flowering season and perfectly fertilize the 
bloom. There is no perfect fertilization without the aid of the 
honey bee. 

A LAND REST. 

A complete rest is not desirable for land any more than it is for 
men or for the domestic animals. The best use of land that has 
been worn by too long continued culture is to put on it some crop 
grown that will bring to it an increase of fertility by the benign 
influence of the atmosphere. This is grass or clover. The one 
contributes to the soil a large quantity of decaying matter in the 
roots and herbage, and the other, in addition to these, brings from 
the air a large quantity of new plant food in the form of nitrogen, 
otherwise entirely unavailable. This is skillful culture of the 
soil. The other is unskillful waste of it. 

THE ATMOSPHERE. 

Very few persons have carefully studied or given any particu- 
lar consideration concerning the constituents and influence of the 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, AC. 29 

Atmosphere which surrounds the Globe as essential of its impor- 
tance in sustaining animal life and affording nourishment to the 
whole vegetable kingdom. Some estimate of its mighty power for 
good or evil may be formed by renewing the analysis furnished by 
the chemist from which we learn that in the composition of too 
volumes reveals the component parts to be as follows : 

Nitrogen. 79.02. 

Oxygen, 20 94. 

Carbonic Acid .04. 100. 

Traces of other substances which are not definitely defined — 
ammonia and ammoniacal salts — are found, and these dissolved b}- 
rain, furnish food to vegetation for producing fruit and flowers. 
Plants derive food in liquid form inhaled as through the lungs, 
and exhaling a great deal of moisture or invisible vapor. The 
sun flower exhales 3 pounds in 24 hours. 

Thirty miles above the earth's surface the Temperature is 100° 
below zero — rather cold for comfort even in summer. 

THE EARTHWORM'S USES. 

The earthworm performs a very important part in the econ- 
omy of nature. He does more than the ploughshare to disturb 
the latent heat and moisture of the earth and to bring them to 
the top soil to vitalize and invigorate the struggling roots of 
vegetation. But for him great stretches of tthe western agricul- 
tural lands would become vast deserts. Therefore, all hail to 
the earthworm and bad luck to the man who thinks he is fit onlj- 
for fish bait ! 

WEIGHTS, ETC. 

BUSHEL MEASURE BY WEIGHT. 

Bushel. pjs. r Bushels. fts. 
Clover Seed . 60 Rye 56 



Timothy Seed 45 

Flax Seed . 56 

Hemp Seed 44 

Blue Grass Seed 14 

Millet 50 

Hungarian . . 48 

Orchard 14 

Red Top 14 

Wheat 60 

Shelled Corn 56 

Corn in the Ear 70 

Peas 60 



Oats 32 

Barley 48 

Irish Potatoes 60 

Sweet Potatoes 56 

Beans 60 

Turnips 56 

Buckwheat 48 

Peaches, Peeled 40 

Peaches, Unpeeled 32 

Dried Apples 28 

Onions ?6 



30 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

MEASURES, ETC. 



Table of Distances. 

An acre contains 4,840 square 
yards. 209 feet long by 209 feet 
broad is 1 acre. 
A mile is 5,200 feet or 1,760 j 

yards. 1 

A league is 3 miles. 
A fathom is 6 feet. 
A cubit is 2 feet. 
A span is loj^inches. 
A hand is 4 inches. 
A palm is 3 inches. 
A space is 3 feet. 
A knot or nautical mile is 6,086 

feet. 
A statue or laud mile is 5,280 

feet 
A knot is therefore equal to 

1.52664 statue mile. 



Length fleasure, 

12 inches make one foot. 

3 feet make i yard. 

2 yards make i fathom. 
16^ feet make i rod. 

4 rods make i chain, 

10 chains make i furlong. 

8 furlong make i mile. 

3 miles make i league. 

Square fleasure. 

144 square inches make i 
square foot. 

9 square feet make i square 
yard. 

30% square yards make 1 
square rod or perch. 

40 square rods make i square 
rood. 

4 square roods make i square 
acre 

640 square acres make i 
square mile. 



HOW TO SIZE UP THINGS. 

There are thousands who do not know, for instance, that a 
size in underwear is two inches; in a sock, an inch; in a collar, 
half an inch; in shoes, one-sixth of an inch; in trousers, one inch; 
in gloves a quarter of an inch, and in hats, one -eighth. -^Vifw 
VorA Hurald. 

SHEEP. 



SHEEP HUSBANDRY OF THE ANCIENTS, ETC. 

A lamb has always been employed as a type of innocence. 
The fable of the Lion and the Lamb on the banks of the brook, 
illustrates how the little sheep is regarded as rather an ignorant 
little animal, when the king ot the forest protested against the 
little ewe that was quenching its thirst lower down the stream with 
the pretext that it muddied it. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 31 

According to the Book of Genesis, the sheep was the first of 
the animals domesticated by man— we are told that Abel was a 
keeper of sheep. Symbolically and otherwise, sheep are men- 
tioned in the Scriptures more than 200 times. During the reign 
of King Saul, in one of the great battles, 250,000 sheep were cap- 
tured and taken from the enemy. 

There can be little doubt but that raising sheep was a chief 
industry in ancient times. It is of very little account to the 
farmer to hear about free wool connected with politics, but it is a 
question with them whether they shall be importers or exporters 
of wool — to say nothing of home trade. Since wool enters so 
largely in the manufacture of such a variety of fabrics, very many 
of our farmers are already giving their attention to this industry. 

Says the Germantoivn Telegraph : — A mixture of Oats and Can- 
ada field peas give the best results for sheep feeding. The stalks 
of the oats serve as a support to the peas and the oats give a com- 
paratively handsome crop. Select oats with thick straws — one 
bushel oats with two bushels small peas to the acre. 

" Youat on Sheep." Different breeds, breeding and rearing, 
different kinds of wool, portraits of different breeds, &c Cloth, 
8 vo. $1 00 postpaid, can be procured from the author of this 
Treatise, P. O. Box 693, Baltimore, Md. 

SWINE. 

The hogs of the farm should be fed in lots of equal size, and 
their rations suited to their age and the purpose for which they 
are fed. Avoid mixed sizes in feeding. 

It is hardly possible to over-feed a hog with corn that has at 
first had a liberal feed of pumpkins. We knew one to eat too 
many pumpkins. 

Try to arrange and feed in such a way as to avoid the neces- 
sity of ringing the shotes and feeding hogs in winter. A clover 
sod with a variety ration, and wood ashes and salt always by them, 
will accomplish much in this direction. 

If hogs are lost by cholera, it is no reason why faith should be 
lost in sanitary mea.sures, but rather should prompt to better sani- 
tary rules and greater care in all directions. As a rule, men that 
give the most rational treatment have little fear of a breakout in 
their own herds. 

Rye can be sown any time up to first week in November for a 
crop of the hogs to harvest next year. They are cheap harvest- 
ers, and rye for this purpose is a most excellent substitute for 



32 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 



wheat to keep crop rotation, aud cannot be excelled as a protect- 
ing crop for young clover and timothy 

Feed a little salt to the hogs as well as cattle. Do not stunt 
pigs the first few months. Secure best breeds. There will be no 
need of wasting anything on the farm where hogs and poultry are 
raised. The pig especially is not very dainty about what he eats. 

QUANTITY OF SEED REQUIRED TO SOW AN ACRE. 

5 it)s 

2 to 3 11)S 

4 to 5 tl)s 

2 to 3 bush 

6 to 8 fts 
50 to 60 fts 
6 to 1 2 bush 
4 to 6 Itis 
ij^ bush 
iX bush 
2% to 3 bush 
10 bush 

3 l^JS 

8 to 10 tijs 
lYz to 2 bush 
8 to 10 lbs 

8 to 10 lbs 
15 lbs 

4 lbs 

3 lbs 

12 lbs 

%\h 

2 lbs 

2 lbs 

2 to 3 bush 

' ' ^ to 2 bush 



Barley, broadcast.., 

Beaus, Dwarf, iu drills. . 

Beans, Pole, in hills. . . . 

Beets, Table, in drids. .. 

Beets, Mangel Wurtzell. 

Broom Corn, in hills... 

Buckwheat 

Cabbage iu beds to 
transp't 

Carrot in drills 

Clover, Red 

Clover, Crimson 

Clover, White 

Clover Alsike 

Clover, Lucerne or Al- 
falfa 

Corn, in hills 

Corn , for Fodder 

Cucumber, in hills ... 

Flax, l^roadcast 

Grass, Kentucky Blue. 

Grass, Orchard 

Grass, English Rye 

Grass, Red Top 

Grass, Timothj- 

Grass, Hungarian 

Millet 

Grass, Lawn 

Hemp 



2 to 3 bush 
lyi bush 
10 to 12 qts 
6 lbs 
5 tt'S 

8 to 10 qts 
I bush 

3 to 4 fts 
16 to 20 Hjs 
15 to 20 
10 to 15 lbs 
10 Itjs 

15 to 20 lbs 
8 to 10 qts 
3 bvTsh 
2 lbs 

i^ to 2 bush 
2 to 3 bush 

2 to 3 bush 

3 bush 

1% to 3 bush 
Yz bush 
I bush 

I to ij^ bush 
3 to 4 bush 
I to I '/^ bush 



Kale 

Melon, Musk, in hills.. 
Melon, Water, iu hills. 

Oats, broadcast 

Onion, in drills 

Onions for Sets, in drills 
Onion vSets, in drills. .. 

Parsnip, in drills 

Round Peas, in drills. . 
Wrinkled Peas, in drills 

Peas, brofidcast 

Potatoes (cut tubers).. . 

Pumpkin, in hills 

Radish, iu drills 

Rye, broadcast 

Sage, in drills 

Salsify 

Spinach, in drills 

Squash (bush varieties) 

in hills 

Squash (running varie- 
ties 

Sugar Cane 

Tomato, to transplant.. 

Turnip, in drills 

Turnip, broadcast 

Vetches, broadcast. . . . 
Wheat, broadcast 



n 



nONEY VALUE OF FEEDING STUFF. 

Average money value per 100 lbs. of feeding stuff as given by Dr. Wolff 

of Germany. 

Corn, $1.11 I Wheat Bran., $i.oi 

Corn Stalks 39 I Cotton Seed Meal 2.20 

From the reports of the Connecticut Experiment Station. 



Dent Corn $1.05 

Flint Corn 1.13 

Sweet Corn 1.26 

Western Corn 94 

Corn Meal 1.03 

Wheat Bran . 1.02 

Wheat Middlings 1.03 



Clover Hay 77 

Timothy Hay - 62 

Corn Fodder, field cured, 

[very good] 53 

Cotton Seed Meal 2.25 

Cotton Seed Hulls 49 

(N. Y. Experiment Station) 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, fkC. 



33 



WHAT SHALL WE EAT? 

This is an important question in the times of high prices. 
Dr. Hall, in his Journal of Health — a good authority by the way 
— says the cheapest article of food at high prices are bread — 
especially corn meal — butter, molasses, beans and rice He shows 
that 25 cents' worth of flour at 8 cents per pound contains as much 
nourishment as $2.25 worth of roast beef at 25 cents per pound, 
and that a pint of white beans, costing seven cents, has the same 
amount of nutriment as three and a-half pounds of beef at 25 cents 
per pound. Here are some of the common articles of food showing 
the amount of nutriment contained and the time required for diges- 
tion: 

d 

Apples, raw i h. 50 m. 

Beans, boiled 2 

Beaf, roasted 3 

Bread, baked 3 

Butter 3 

Cabbage, bo'led 4 

Cucumbers, raw 

Fish, boiled 2 

Milk, fresh 2 

Mutton, roasted 3 

Pork, roasted 5 

Poultry, roasted 2 

Potatoes, boiled 2 

Rice, boiled i 

Sugar 3 

Turnips, boiled 2 

Veal, roasted 4 

Venison, boiled i 



e of 


Amount of 


>tion. 


nutriment. 


50 m. 


10 per cent. 


30 


37 per cent. 


30 


25 per cent. 


30 


60 per cent. 


30 


96 per cent. 


30 


7 per cent. 




2 per cent. 




20 per cent. 


i3 


7 per cent. 


15 


30 per cent. 


15 


24 per cent. 


45 


27 per cent. 


30 


13 per cent. 




38 per cent. 


30 


96 per cent. 


30 


4 per cent. 




25 per cent. 


30 


22 per cent. 



CARE OF THE EYES. 

Mothers do not always realize how important a part the eyes 
play in the general health of their children. For example, many 
would never connect a stomach trouble, nausea and apparent 
indigestion with an imperfect eye focus. 

Every mother should make a few rules in this matter and 
allow no transgression of them. 

Do not let the children read in the morning before the sleep 
has been washed from the eyes. Never read by a failing light. 



34 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

If Study must go on by gaslight, and this should not be allowed if 
possible to prevent, provide each child with one of the cheap 
brown or green card-board shades, to be had from stationers. A 
yellow shade should cover an electric lig''t used to read by. Do 
not allow children to fall into the easy and injurious habit of rub 
bing the eyes at any unusual sensation in them. Give them the 
only rule — rub the eyes with the elbow only, because you cannot. 

GOOD ADVICE. 

Don't rent more land than you can work, 

Don't hope to thrive if work you shirk ; 

Don't think you're ever done with learning, 

Don't fancy saving's less than earning; 

Don't overwork your stock or hands, 

Don't look to thrive off starved-out lands ; 

Use first-class tools, nor let them rust, 

Pay cash, nor ask the store for trust. 

Your word should be so none will doubt it. 

What you can't pay for go without it ; 

Don't hope the Lord will give you pelf, 

And take no pains to help yourself; 

Make home the center of your life, 

He loves himself who loves his wife ; 

Don't growl, don't whine, don't cheat, don't lie. 

And till your work's done you won't die. 

— Southern Plafiter. 

ARGENTINA'S CATTLE EXPORTS. 

The Argentine Republic exported to England last year, 
1*675, 600 frozen sheep, 90,000 live sheep, 29,000 frozen and 28,000 
live cattle. 

A PLEA FOR THE YOUNG. 

EDUCATION IN HORTICULTURE, ETC. 

TRAINING FOR THE EYE, HAND AND OTHER SENSES. 

The cultivation of fruits, flowers and vegetables brings a constant reward 
in the way of education. One cannot be long in such an occupation without 
being awakened to the need of increased knowledge. It is a constant stimulus 
to reading and observation in many different lines of investigation. Nature 
puts her most subtile flavors and odors in fruits, flowers and vegetables. She 
paints them in the brightest and most marked of colors. Man has not been able 
to invent a pigment which will reproduce the scarlet with which nature paints 
leaves, flowers and fruit. — Baltimore American. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 35 

It is characteristic of the Germans, that even among the humblest, the 
children are taught and encouraged to take an interest in something that is in- 
structive, elevating and pleasurable, leading to what may result in much profit 
in many ways.— In " Rushing America," their example, if imitated, would be 
a great blessing to the rising generation in the development of the faculties. 
Have a flower garden, study music, have a little orchard, go fishing, select some 
branch in which to be interested. Entomology, Ornithology, Mineralogy, Con- 
col ogy. Less Greek and Mythology, substituting for these last more Geogra- 
phy and History of the United States with a little more of Anatomy, and 
plenty of exercise.—" Early to bed and early to rise."— It is said that school 
children by such close application are liable to become short sighted from lack 
of sufficient physical exercise. Train the children so that thej' may grow up to 
l)e strong men and women for the betterment of the race. 

NOT SATISFIED. 



BY THE REV. R. E. SMITH. 

Solomon says (Eccles. vi., 7 ) : " All the labor of man is for his mouth, 
and yet the appetite is not filled." Is it not true? How men toil and delve 
and worry for temporal things. The rest of the night is disturbed by fitful 
dreams, the result of overwrought nerves, and feverish anxiety lest some cher- 
ished gain shall not be realized. The day is filled with eager efforts. But when 
the prize is gained it is not appreciated. 

Why, then, with all the toil of effort and the success of industry, is the 
" appetite not filled ? " Partly perhaps because appetite is perverted and abnor- 
mal, and can never be completely satisfied until it is restrained and rendered 
reasonable in its demands. Certainly because man's wants and capabilities are 
too high and deep and broad to be satisfied with merely temporal things. He 
has an intellectural nature that must have food for thought. He has an aesthetic 
nature which, in its well-developed stages, will not be pleased except the traces 
of the beautiful are seen. But, above all, he has a spiritual nature that was 
made for the enjoyment of the divine, and luill always be lonesome ivithout 
God. 

But seeing that the years of time are too short to enable all to make the 
journey and reach the goal of complete satisfaction as the climax of material 
and intellectual success, or, if we undertake to reach it in this way, many of us 
will fall short of success ; we are prompted to follow the divine rather than the 
human order. Jesus said ( Matt. vi. , 33 ) : ^' Seek ye first the kingdom of God, 
and Hts righteousness ; and all these things shall be added unto you.'' In this 
way we acquire the essential elements of contentment at the beginning, have 
the divine promise for all needed temporal good, and can afford to wait, if such 
be our Father's 'will, until " this mortal shall put on immortality " for the en- 
jovment of material wealth and the gratification of our desire for the beautiful ; 
" there remaineth therefor a rest to the people of God." ( Heb. iv., 9). 

RELIGION. 

Religion is a divine current making luminous a common life. Bringing 
God into everyday life and makes every day a sacred day and every life a 
divine life. 



36 TREATISE ON GRASSES, &C. 

FAITH. 

Faith is the foundatiou in the whole economy of God and of man ! 

Without faith, it is impossible to please God ; and without faith in our 
fellow man, there could be no comfort, rendering the present life intolerable, 
with nothing to hope for in the future. 

ABSTINENCE ALPHABET. 

[A modern alphabetical psalm on the virtue of total abstinence is furnished by Dr. 
Cyrus Edsoa to a recevt A'or/h American /Review. It is one of the best essays of its kind 
in print :] 

A stands for Alcohol ; deathlike its grip. 

B for Beginner, who takes just one sip. 

C for Companion, who urges him on. 

D for the Demon of drink that is born. 

E for Endeavor he makes to resist. 

F stands for Friends who so loudly insist. 

G for the Guilt he afterward feels. 

H for the Horrors that hang at his heels. 

I his Intention to drink not at all. 

J stands for Jeering that follows his fall. 

K for his knowledge that he is a slave. 

L stands for Liquors his appetite craves. 

M for convivial Meetings so gay. 

N stands for No that he tries hard to say. 

O for the Orgies that then come to pass. 

P stands for Pride that he drowns in his glass. 

Q for the Quarrels that nightly abound. 

R stands for Ritin, that hovers arotind. 

S stands for Sights that his vision bedim. 

T stands for Trembling that seizes his limbs. 

U for his Usefulness sunk in the slums. 

V for the Vagrant he quickly becomes. 

W for Waning of life that's soon done. 

X for his eXit regretted by none. 

Youths of this nation, such weakness is crime. 

Zeilously turn from the tempter in time ! 

BIBLE STATISTICS. 

Old Testament — Number of Books, 39; chapters, 929; verses, 23,214; 
words, 593,493 ; letters, 2,728,100. 

New Testament — Number of Books, 27 ; chapters, 260 ; verses, 7,959 ; 
words, 181,253 ; letters, 838,380. 

The middle and smallest chapter is 117th Psalm. The largest book is that 
of the Psalms. The number of authors of the Bible is fifty. Ezra, 7th chapter, 
21, contains all the letters of our alphabet. The Bible was not until modern 
times divided into chapters and verses. The Bible or parts of it have been ren- 
dered into nearly two hundred languages. The first complete English transla- 
tion was that by Wickliffe in 1380. The first American edition was printed in 
Boston, 1752. 



TREATISE ON GRASSES. &C. 37 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Integrity and Capacity ahvaj^s have a market value, although they do 
not always coniniaud the highest market price. 

Obedience is the first lesson to be taught to every child. Disobedience to 
the Law of God, the state or the laws of health, will surely be followed by pun- 
ishment to the offender. 

Money invested at 6 per cent, compouuded, will double the principal in 
about ten y^ears. 

John, my son, honesty is the best policy, your father has tried both ways. 

IT is estimated that a man's chances for being struck by lightning is about 
one in every five hundred thousand. His chances for drawing the capital prize 
in a lottery is about the same. 

TRAVEI.ERS wnll act wisely by never carrying all their mone}' in one pocket. 

Emerson : " Every evil to which we do not succumb is a benefactor. We 
gain the strength of the temptation we resist." 

Conundrum — Why is an illicit distillery like the discovery of the North 
Pole. If you can't guess it, write to the author of this work, P. O. Box, 693, 
Baltimore, Md. 

If you want to get rich — be mean. If you want to be miserable, be mean 
— If you want to be despised and forgotten when you die — be mean. 

nORTQAQES. 

According to the last Census less than half the Farms in the United States 
were free from mortgages. In the state of New York the amount aggregated 
nearly $140,000,000. The rate of interest paid in different states ranging from 
5 to 12 per cent. In the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Missouii, 
Indiana and a few others the average amount of mortgaged farms is above fifty 
per cent ; whilst as against this, it is shown, that only about one-fifth of the 
farms in this countr}^ are burdened with mortgages. 

Definition of Mortgage— " The death grip." Moral- Beware of 
mortgages. 

CHEAP. 

It is not so easy to define the word cheap. It is a word sadly abused, mis- 
used and misunderstood. 

English broad cloth of the finest quality cannot be produced for fift}- cents 
per yard, and the purchaser of an all wool suit cannot expect the finest quality 
to be had for five dollars ; neither can it be expected that pure Java coffee 
roasted and ground ready for use, can be bought for twenty-five cents per pound, 
when the genuine bean costs thirty-five cents when gathered. Not many get 
rich by selling their fabrics for less than cost- -hence it is very necessary to dis- 
criminate between " low price " and " cheap." 

The farmer, manufacturer or merchant cannot afford to sell goods for less 
than the cost of production, and a fair profit added — to determine what consti- 
tutes cheap, we must consider the cost of production and quality of the article. 

Benjamin Franklin's theory was — that not anything was cheap that you 
neither need nor want. 



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40 



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41 



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43 



HENRY SEIM & CO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

GLASS = OILS = ANp = PA|Nt 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

Try Our Ready Mixed Paint that a Gaarantee goes with. 

Muresco the Cireat Wall Finish. 
Send for Price List Varnishes, Brushes, Etc. 

Corner Howard and Fayette Streets, 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



'Will be pleased to haVe Ijolir Orders. 



Richard Cromwell. 


Hardware. 


Upholstery 


Screws, 


Goods. 


Locks, 


Plush, 


Drop Handles, 


Damask, 


Knobs, 


Spun Silks, 


Escutcheons, 


Ramies, 


Chair Seats, 


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Chair Nails, 


Terries, 


Chair Cane, 


Hair Cloth, 


Table Slides, 


Felts, 


"Wrought and 


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Brass Butts. 


Leather, 


Table Hinges, 


Gimps, 


Band Saws, 


Buttons 


Moulding Nails, 


Twines, 


Flint Paper, 


Webbing, 


Files, 


Burlaps, 


Glue, 


Tacks, 


Safe Tin, 


Springs, 


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Tow, 


Bed Fasts, 


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Moss. 



Frank B. Sloan. 




C, SIDNEY NORRIS & CO. 

Manufacturers and Jobbers of 

abinet Hardware 

UPHOLSTERY GOODS, 
Sash and Blind Hardw^are 

No. 36 HANOVER STREET, 

BALTinoRE, no. 

Established 1851. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 

Fire-Place Heaters, 
Ranges, 

Hot-Air Furnaces, 
Cook Stoves, 

Heatino- Stoves, 

Hollow-Ware, &c. 



The B. C. Bibb Stove Co., 

107 & 109 Light Street, BALTIMORE. MD. 



44 

Wi^tvopaiitcxix ^atiiitg^ l@laniy 

OK BALTIMORE. 
K. ii, ©or. ^ekiFi^toFi Vf Qafuert fts. 

[monument souarjc] 

INTEREST 3>2 PER CENT. PER AinNUM. 

C. C. Shrivkr, Pres't. Jamhs J. Ryan, Treas. 

DIRECTORS : 
John W. Jenkins, Albert T. Myer, Cumberland Dugan, 

Simon I. Kemp, Daniel Donnelly, Michael Jenkins, 

J. F. Dammann, Joseph Fink, John M. Littig, 

F. K. Murphy, -V. J. Brown, C. C. Shriver. 

Complete Fertilizers. 

"High Grade" "Bos" and "Pen Mar." 

FERTILIZING CHEMICALS 

QROUND TANKAGE, GROUND FISH, 

DISSOLVED S. C. ROCK, 

NITRATE SODA, HURIATE POTASH, 

GROUND PLASTER, &c., &c. 

W^1. DAVISOJM 8f CO. 



BALTIMORE. 



Office: Firemen's Building. 



Works : Fells Point. 



^MWWVWS/W 




vv^v^^ ¥'wwv www www^^^^^ 



REY3 

A^^, VERMIFUGE 

■'iis't: sAvcD "The old- fashioned and al- 
v.ays reliable remedy for 

stomach disorders. One 

bottle has killed 614 worms. 
Thousands of people living to-day 
owe their life to this medicine. 
The same good medicine 

FOR CHILDREN 
that it was fifty years ago. 

If your (Iruijiiist or storekeeper does not 
keep it, send iJiSf. for one bottle to 

E. 4, S. FREY, Baltimore, Md. 



45 



E. B. Hunting & Co. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



PITCH PINE -LUMBER 

Cypr^egg Uun^ber ar)d Sljir)^le§. 

Shipping Ports : 
Savannah, Qa., and Jacksonville, Fla. 



Office : - S. E. Cor. E. Falls and Canton Ave's. 
Main Office : — Rooms 306=308 Equitable Building, 

BALTIMORE, MD. 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

B. Wallis & ©o. 

(LATE S. M. HAMILTON & CO.) 

Fire Brick, Cement and Calcined Plaster, Vitrified 
Paving and Buff Building Brick. 

Importers and ^Manufacturers' Agents 

ENGLISH, GERMAN, BELGIAN AND DOMESTIC CEMENTS. 
Office— 12 South Street, 

BALTIMORE, MD 



G ENERAL AGENTS FOR Q^ BOLLINGER'S 

'^^' '^^ ■^^^ 

CENTRIFUGAL 

BROAD=CAST SEED AND GRAIN SOWER. 

It will sow the smallest seed to the largest Grain, from ^ pint to 2}4. 
bushels, per acre, as desired This is a centrifugal feed device as well as a cen- 
trifugal distributor, therefore, will feed any kind of Seeds or Grain desired to 
sow broad-cast. Even Bone-dust or Fertilizer, as well as grain. 



46 

Guardian = Security 

Trust = and = Deposit = Company. 

OF BALTIMORE CITY. 

-♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦- 

Interest allowed on Deposits. Loans made on approved Securities. 

Dividends, Interest and Rents Collected. 

Manages Estates, Real and Personal. 

Legal Depository for Trust Funds. 

Acts as Administrator, Executor, Trustee, Guardian or Agent. 

Becomes Trustee under Mortgages. 



Edward Stabler, Jr., Prest. Daniel Miller, 

\ Vice-Prest 
Wm. M. Byrn, Sec^y and Treas. Jonathan K. Taylor 

<><>00<>0<><><><>0-C><><><><><>0000-0-0-C>-C> 

IDO you WANT ^fc . 

A RELIABLE FERTILIZER? 

GET THE 

:=: B IG CR OP FERTILIZER. 

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS. 

per ceut. Carbonate of Lime from Raw Animal Matter. 

' Ammonia. 

' Bone Phosphate, equal to ) 

' Phosphoric Acid. j 

' Sulphate of Potash. 

' Magnesia and Sodium 
These goods are especiall3^ prepared for growing clover and grass in com- 
bination with grain of all kinds, hiving made as great a success in Maryland, 
Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York and North Carolina, as any ferti- 
lizer claiming 3 per cent, of ammonia, on oats, wheat, barley and corn, and 
excelled all in clover and timothy. The elements contained therein are prin- 
cipally raw animal matters, having a large per cent, of raw bone phosphate and 
when combined with vegetable matter, the value of both are very much in- 
creased, as the carbonate neutralizes the free acid without injury to either, and 
gives the entire fertilizer to the growing crop. 

The carbonate will absorb the acids of the soil, prevent rusts, and will 
make a clear, bright and heavy grain. For sale by 

J. HENRY GIESE, 

Grass Seeds, Grain, etc. 
Send for Circular. 109 N. Howard St., Baltimore. 



i.S t 


20 


I 


' 2 


10 


' 20 


4^ 


' 7 


?.% 


' 4K 


6 


' 10 



47 



OXiI"V":H3It :B'. Ij-A-PffTSl. 



SAMUEL ELDER & CO. 

GRAIN, FLOUR, PRODUCE AND 

Commission MerchantSt 

Dealers in Clover and Timothy Seeds. 

IMPORTERS OF BOLTING CLOTH. 

AND DEALERS IN FERTILIZERS. 

109 N. HOWARD ST 

Geo. J. Appold, President Merchants' and I National Exchange Bank, Baltimore, Md 

Miners' Transportation Conipanv. | Mess Geo. W. Ziegler, I. f-rpf>nrn<;t1f> Pa 

Mess. Rob't Garrett & Sons, Bankers I First National Bank, (■ >-"ccuc<»aLic, r c». 

^Vestern National Bank, Baltimore, Md. | Geo. C. Dietrick, Galesburg, Illinois. 

Wm. C. Carrell, Charlestown, Jefferson Co., W. Va. 



BALTIMORE, MD. 



L. W. P. Allen. 



♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

W. H. Greenfield. 



WW WW 

C. A. Fountain. 



Allen, Greenfield & Co. 



manufacturers and dealers in 



Candies, Crackers, Fruits, 

Nuts, Cakes, Cigars and Grocers' Supplies. 

119 W. Baltimore St. 

Mail Orders Given Careful Attention. B ALTlMOIvE, J\1D» 

♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦ ♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ 

DAVID B. TAYLOR & CO. 



manufacturers and 
dealers in 

Plain, stamped and 
Japanned = Tin = Ware, 

Stoves and Hollow Ware. 

27 South Howard Street. 
BALTinORE. 




48 



An Unequalled Record. ^ 



IHK CONNECTICUT 
MUTUAL LIFE 
INSURANCE COMPANY'S FORTY-EIGHT YEARS ADMINISTRA- 
TION OF TRUST FUNDS CHALLENGES COMPARISON WITH 
ANY SIMILAR INSTITUTION 



ASSETS, LIAKILITIKS, SURPLUS, 

«61,:i«3,404.(!l *54, 915. 376.74 !#6, 448. 0*27. 87 

F C NICODEMUS, 

General Agent for Maryland and Delaware, 
NO. a FIREMEN'S BUILDINCi, 

South & Water Sts. BALTIMORE, MD. 

The- Connecticut Mutual, by economical management and profitable invest- 
menis, has made and saved for its members jis4~).;J-I-.S,i)01).71) more than 
they have been paid in premiums. . . . . . . . . . 

The Greatest Results to Policy Holders ever attained by any Company. 

The Compan}'s income from premiums, interest, rents, profit and loss, has 
been $253,212,853.79, which is $75,203,687.06 more than premiums 
received. ....;......... 

The average expense of creating, handling and distributing this great business has 
been but 8.65 per cent , the lowest among American 01 European Companies. 



The Oldest Brush Factory in Baltimore. Established 1850. 

Gr. CHJ^S CJUIDEFl <i5c CO, 

PRQPRIETOES OF THE CRESCENT BRUSH WORKS 

Manufacturers of all kinds of Brushes — Paints, 
Varnish, Painters, Wall, Etc. 

Nos. 12 >4, 14 and 16 S. Frederick St. BALTIMORE, MD. 

PACKERS AND SHIPPERS OF 

Raw OYSTERS, WATER MELONS, New POTATOES, VEGETABLES. 
Burners of Oyster Shell Lime for Agricultural Purposes. Orders Solicited. 

I G. T. GIBSON. S. B. KIRK. 



Brass Railings, 

Ornamental Brass Work 

For Banks, Offices, &c. 

Brass Work for Ships, 

Electric Bells, 

Speaking Tubes, &c., &c. 



©ibson & I^irk, 

LOCK MANUFACTURERS 

— AND — 

BELL HANGERS, 
No. 45 Cheapside, 

BALTinORE, HD. 



49 



John Turnbull, Jr. & Co. 



IMPORTKR.^ AND DEALERS IN 




appet§, (^uptains and f©^upnitupe. 



IS <5' :20 TT'. Baltimore Street, 

BALTIMORE, MB. 

>$< >^ >^ >^ >^ >^ >^ >5< >^ >^ >?<>-'?<>?< >^ >^ >^ >T'< >^'< >^'<>^ ►^ >^ >^ >-T >?< 

Maryland - Steam - Bakery. 

Established 1820. Incorporated 1893. 

Nos. 17 to 23 E. Pratt St. 

(OPPOSITE MALTBV HOUSE.) 



MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF 



?J 



anc 



i^alU 



/O. 



1^ {^ancs ar.cL i^rac 



'^Jiors 



Correspondence Solicited. Price Lists Furnished on Application. 

N. B. — Our goods have been upon the market for over a half a Century 
Hud are well known to almost every household. For Sale by 
Grocers ever}- where. ......... 

>s^ >^ >$< >^ >S< >^ >5< >*< >^ >^^ >♦< iV^ K*^ LXJ >^^ >♦> KT-^ >T^ 

BROMO SEDLITS 

RED STAR. 

A pleasant, quick, harmless and sure Remedy for Headache, Sick 

Stomach, Neuralgia, Sea-Sickness, Over-worked Brain, 

Nausea Alcoholic Excesses, Etc. 

For Sale at all Drug Stores. Sample Bottle lO Cents. 

None Genuine without "Red Star" on Label. 

PREP.ARED BY 

Bromo Drug Co.. ""• " ""'TAtr-MORE, md. 



BALTIMORE NURSERIES. 



FRANKLIN DAVIS NURSERY COMPANY. 

600 Acres in Nursery Stock. lOO Acres in Orchards. 100 Acres in Small Fruits. 



We offer to our Customers an immense stock of Apples, Peaches, Pears, Cherries, 
Apricots, Qrapes, &c., all standard sorts. All the new varieties of Fruits, Urnamental 
Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 

^P^Catalogues Mailed on Application. Agents Wanted. ^B^Write for Terms* 



Franklin Davis Nursery Co., OfTice— Balto. & Paca Sts., Baltimore. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ •«*. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

E. W. Kriete, Prest. F. W. Whitman, Mgr. Imp. & Seed Dept. 

H. A. Rhoads, Sec'y. J. W. vSteele, 

Walter Stouffer, Treas. W. C. Groghegan. 

JllaTvlanS. 

Implements, Vehicles, 

Fertilizers, Seeds and all Farm Supplies. 

32 W. PRATT ST. 

Bi^LTIMOKE, MD. 



Manufacturers of GLUE, PURE BONE DUST, DISSOLVED PURE 
RAW BONE, and NEATSFOOT OIL 

John Bullock & Son, 

205 & 229 Smith's Wharf, g^^^ &^bet 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC ''The F. O. NORTON." 

CZHjUVIIIHjIISrTS Rosendale, Round Top and Portland. 

All Colors Enameled and Pompeian Bricks. Plaster and Plasterers' Hair, . 



51 




Why 



not use Gas 1' 'll' 

with? With our highly developed 
Modern Gas Machine youget an intensely 
brilliant gas light at less than city gas 
costs, it is simple, lasts a lifetime, all 
the attention it requires a lo year old 
child can give. Simply wonderful, safe 
and inexpensive, it is superior to every 
thing ever used. Let us make you an 
estimate ; you can light, cook, pump 
your water, etc., by using this gas. Sat- 
isfaction in every case is guaranteed' and always trial period allowed. 

C. n. Kemp nVg Co. 

Guilford Ave. and Oliver St., BALTIMORE. 



Manufacturers Climax Gas Machine and Mixer. 

Climax Cellar Drainer, (Removes water from cellars.) 
Climax Pipe Threading Tools, Hydrants, &c. 

<KK><><>0<><>00<><>00<K>0-C>0<><K><><H> 

Co mmercial f^ rintin g ||ouse 



WORKS FOR AD\ERTISERS 
WHO HA\'E LEARNED BY 
EXPERIENCE WHERE THEIR 
M O N E Y PRODUCES THE 
BEST EFFECT 

COMMERCIAL PRINTING HOUSE, 

|^pir)teps, )jilr)0qrapr)(EFS, L^ncj pa veps, 

5. W. Cor. Howard and Baltimore Streets, 

BALTI/nORE, MD. 



O'J, 



Ch.as. F^. Habightir^t & Co. 

OILS, GREASES, 
PAINTERS' SUPPLIES, 



TELEPHONE 
1101 



NAVAL STORES 



lOQ dz: 111 Clxoa-psxcio, 







409 EiPRATlfSTi 



■DO-«>^R!'Sk 



BLINDS 

AND ALLgmLDERS 



GOOD CHEAP 



W. K. CARSON & CO. 

S. W. Cor. Lombard and Calvert Streets^ 
— "^BALTinORE. 

""rjobbers^of Fine Coffees. 

WJiolesaJe Dealers in all 

GBOCER Y AR TICLES. 



53 



DUFUR & CO. 



311 H- HOWflHD STHEET, 



BALiTlMORE, MD. 



WIRE RAILING for Cemeteries, Lawns, Gardens, Offices pnd 

Balconies. Window Guards, Tree Guards. 

WIRE CLOTH, Sieves, Fenders, Cages, Sand and Coal Screens, Iron 

Bedsteads, Chairs, Settees, &c. 



Reference : 
Citizen's National Bank, Baltimore. 



Member of 
Corn and Flour Exchange. 



W. ISA. VICKERS, 



SPECIAI, ATTENTION GIVEN TO 



Sale of GRAIN, B. E. PEAS, &c. 

7 E. CAflDEN STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. 



Francis P. Stevens. 



Morris P. Stevens. 



Francis P. Stevens & Son, 

COUNSELORS AT LAW, 

Offices Nos. 46 & 47 Bank of Baltimore Building, 

cor. baltimore and st. paul streets. 
New York- 
Morris PuTMAN Stevens. BALTIMORE, Md.. 
206 Broadway- 

123 E. Baltimore Street, BALTIMORE, MD, 



manufacturer of 



Fine - Dress - Shirts 

Try a Sample Shirt. 



A Fit Guaranteed. 



54 



Robinson & Jackson, 

Genefal ;. Commission ;. Mercliaots, 

Grain, Flour, Etc. 

No. II y South street, 
BALTIMORE, MD, 



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